The trochlear nerve is unique among the cranial nerves in several respects: It is the smallest nerve in terms of the number of axons it contains. Development 120:483–494, Schilling TF, Kimmel CB (1997) Musculoskeletal patterning in the pharyngeal segments of the zebrafish embryo. The development of muscle fiber type identity in zebrafish cranial muscles. Am J Physiol Reg I 40:R432–R436, Suwa M, Miyazaki T, Nakamura T, Sasaki S, Ohmori H, Katsuta S (1998) Hereditary dominance of fast-twitch fibers in skeletal muscles and relation of thyroid hormone under physiological conditions in rats. Log in Sign up. Can J Zool 52:871–877, Lannergren J, Smith RS (1966) Types of muscle fibres in toad skeletal muscle. Correspondence to The cranial muscles of bony fishes are those muscles generally associated with the head and jaws, including both the oral (anterior) jaws and the pharyngeal (posterior) jaws and the gill arches. Cranial Muscles. We thank Frank Stockdale, Stanford University, for generously providing S58. J Exp Biol 203:3033–3043, Hernandez LP, Barresi MJF, Devoto SH (2002) Functional morphology and developmental biology of zebrafish: reciprocal illumination from an unlikely couple. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. We discuss our results in relation to the functional roles of each muscle in larval and adult life and compare findings among a variety of vertebrates. J Fish Biol 11:417–430, Noden DM (1983) The role of the neural crest in patterning of avian cranial skeletal, connective, and muscle tissues. Test. Search. J Cell Biol 95:763–770, Barends PMG (1979) Relation between fiber type composition and function in the jaw adductor muscle of the Perch (Perca-Fluviatilis, L)—histochemical-study. They are named for their function or structure; for example, the trigeminal nerve consists of three primary branches, while the vestibulocochlear nerve serves the organs of equilibrium and hearing. Acta Physiol Scand 68:263–274, Lassar AB, Buskin JN, Lockshon D, Davis RL, Apone S, Hauschka SD, Weintraub H (1989) MyoD is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein requiring a region of myc homology to bind to the muscle creatine kinase enhancer. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 230–261, Liem KF (1985) Ventilation. As in the trunk, slow muscle fibers are found only in an anatomically restricted zone of each muscle, usually on the periphery. In higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds, mammals) there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves: olfactory (CN I), optic (CN II), oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), trigeminal (CN V), abducent (or abducens; CN VI), facial (CN VII), vestibulocochlear (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X), accessory (CN XI), and hypoglossal (CN XII). J Anat 198:283–294, Currie PD, Ingham PW (2001) Induction and patterning of embryonic skeletal muscle cells in the Zebrafish. MF20 developed by David Bader and Don Fishman was obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank developed under the auspices of the NICHD and maintained by the University of Iowa, Department of Biological Sciences, Iowa City, IA, USA.

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