The Spaniards started to explore the Philippines in the early 16th century when Ferdinand Magellan led a Spanish expedition to the Spice Islands and reached Cebu in 1521. The priests and friars had a command of local languages rare among the lay Spanish, and in the provinces they outnumbered civil officials. Augmenting their political power, religious orders, Roman Catholic hospitals and schools, and bishops acquired great wealth, mostly in land. [28], Also there was the bandalâ (from the Tagalog word mandalâ, a round stack of rice stalks to be threshed), an annual forced sale and requisitioning of goods such as rice. He was one of the most loved governors-general in the Philippines because of the reforms he implemented. [4]:77 In 1569, Legazpi transferred to Panay and founded a second settlement on the bank of the Panay River. The colony was administered through the Viceroyalty of New Spain (now Mexico) until 1821 when Mexico achieved independence from Spain. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown.[38]. On the local level, heading the pacified provinces (alcaldías), was the provincial governor (alcalde mayor). After 1821, the colony was governed directly from Spain. Emprender is especially common when referring to the beginning of travel. Later, increasing imports of silver from New World sources resulted in Japanese exports to the Philippines shifting from silver to consumer goods. [30], Aside from paying a tribute, all male Filipinos as well as Chinese immigrants from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor called “polo”. Magellan made a blood compact with the local chieftain of Cebu, Rajah Humabon as a sign of friendship. Service was inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century. The Dutch and British bitterly opposed them because they saw the company as a direct attack on their Asian trade. It took various forms such as the building and repairing of roads and bridges, construction of public buildings and churches, cutting timber in the forest, working in shipyards and serving as soldiers in military expeditions. Filipino forces then laid siege to Manila, as had American forces. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main source of income for the colony during its early years. [27], The first vessel of the Royal Philippine Company to set sail was the "Nuestra Señora de los Placeres" commanded by the captain Juan Antonio Zabaleta. Among his administrative duties were the preparation of the tribute list (padron), recruitment and distribution of men for draft labor, communal public work and military conscription (quinto), postal clerk and judge in minor civil suits. [37], The Seven Years' War was ended by the Peace of Paris signed on February 10, 1763. Manila was also the ecclesiastical capital of the Philippines. 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