No details for the computation were specified; these were worked out in practice, a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies (see also Computus and Reform of the date of Easter). The controversy between those who argued for independent computations and those who argued for continued reliance on the Jewish calendar was formally resolved by the Council, which endorsed the independent procedure that had been in use for some time at Rome and Alexandria. The Synod at Arles (France) in 314 said that Easter should be celebrated on the same day everywhere, and it appealed to the authority of the Pope to enforce the decision. Canon xiv: Tonsured persons not ordained lectors must not read the Epistle or Gospel in the ambo. On September 26, the second session was held, during which the pope’s letters to the empress and the Patriarch Tarasius were read. I. There has long existed a dispute as to the number of the canons of First Nicaea. The former of these two will be found treated under Easter. Cowper, B. H. (1861). In Nicaea, questions regarding the Holy Spirit were left largely unaddressed until after the relationship between the Father and the Son was settled around the year 362. Canon xx prohibits double monasteries. [77] The development of the biblical canon was nearly complete (with exceptions known as the Antilegomena, written texts whose authenticity or value is disputed) by the time the Muratorian fragment was written. In his farewell address, Constantine informed the audience how averse he was to dogmatic controversy; he wanted the Church to live in harmony and peace. After he had been addressed in a hurried allocution, the emperor made an address in Latin, expressing his will that religious peace should be reestablished. [13] St. Alexander of Alexandria and Athanasius took the first position; the popular presbyter Arius, from whom the term Arianism comes, took the second. To Loughlin, that was the only possible reason to invoke the custom of a Roman Bishop in a matter related to the two metropolitan bishops in Alexandria and Antioch.[90]. Canon iii condemns the appointment of bishops, priests, and deacons by secular princes. p. 363 fn. It was easily accessible to the bishops of nearly all the provinces, but especially to those of Asia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Thrace. He addressed letters to St. Alexander and to Arius deprecating these heated controversies regarding questions of no practical importance, and advising the adversaries to agree without delay. Finally Constantine, having conquered Licinius and become sole emperor, concerned himself with the reestablishment of religious peace as well as of civil order. By the later 3rd century some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with what they took to be the disorderly state of the Jewish calendar. Syriac Miscellanies. [18] This synod had been charged with investigation of the trouble brought about by the Arian controversy in the Greek-speaking east. Those looking for references would have to track down the book in a library. Most of the bishops present were Greeks; among the Latins we know only Hosius of Cordova, Cecilian of Carthage, Mark of Calabria, Nicasius of Dijon, Donnus of Stridon in Pannonia, and the two Roman priests, Victor and Vincentius, representing the pope. In the short-term, however, the Council did not completely solve the problems it was convened to discuss and a period of conflict and upheaval continued for some time. The first session opened in the church of St. Sophia, September 24, 787. [56] Others felt that the customary practice of reliance on the Jewish calendar should continue, even if the Jewish computations were in error from a Christian point of view.[57]. The long-term effects of the Council of Nicaea were significant. [68] Later in his reign, he gave orders for the pillaging and the tearing down of Roman temples. (Fakhri B. Maluf, Ph.D.), RIP Prior: Brother André Marie, M.I.C.M. Basil over the Nicene Creed. In support of this, they cite Canon 6, where the Roman Bishop could be seen as simply one of several influential leaders, but not one who had jurisdiction over other bishops in other regions. Nevertheless, he had to submit to the infliction of hearing the last words of debates which had been going on previous to his arrival. Nicaea, COUNCILS OF, respectively the First and Seventh Ecumenical Councils, held at Nicaea in Bithynia (see above).. The custom of the bishop of Rome was invoked by way of illustration, not because he presided over the whole Church, or over the western Church or even over "his own diocese", but rather because he presided over a few provinces in a diocese that was otherwise administered from Milan. But among religious persons, those of opposite sexes may eat together only in the presence of several God-fearing men and women, except on a journey when necessity compels. After a month of discussion, on 19 June, there were only two left: Theonas of Marmarica in Libya, and Secundus of Ptolemais. University of California Press 2005. page 340. Some distinctive elements in the Nicene Creed, perhaps from the hand of Hosius of Cordova, were added, some specifically to counter the Arian point of view.[13][52]. Socrates lists Hosius first of all bishops, before more eminent bishops. Thus, instead of a baptismal creed acceptable to both the Arians and their opponents, the Council promulgated one which was clearly opposed to Arianism and incompatible with the distinctive core of their beliefs. Alexander maintained that the Son was divine in just the same sense that the Father is, coeternal with the Father, else he could not be a true Son. This profession of faith was adopted by all the bishops "but two from Libya who had been closely associated with Arius from the beginning". "The emperor gave patient attention to the speeches of both parties" and "deferred" to the decision of the bishops. The assembly numbered among its most famous members St. Alexander of Alexandria, Eustathius of Antioch, Macarius of Jerusalem, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Eusebius of Cmsarea, and Nicholas of Myra. When, however, they had reached Sicily on their way back to Rome, they were recalled by the Empress Irene. [50], The Council declared that the Son was true God, coeternal with the Father and begotten from His same substance, arguing that such a doctrine best codified the Scriptural presentation of the Son as well as traditional Christian belief about him handed down from the Apostles. [32][33], The Eastern bishops formed the great majority. Canon xv: Bishops, priests, and deacons are not to pass from one church to another. [34] Historically, the influence of these marred confessors has been seen as substantial, but recent scholarship has called this into question.[29]. Ephrem and Athanasius. (The Monophysites, whose heresy was the opposite of Nestorianism, viewed any fresh condemnation of Nestorianism as a feather in their cap.) Canon vi: Provincial synods are to be held annually. [20] In the summer of 325, the bishops of all provinces were summoned to Nicaea, a place reasonably accessible to many delegates, particularly those of Asia Minor, Georgia, Armenia, Syria, Egypt, Greece, and Thrace. In the fifth session on October 4, passages from the Fathers were read which declared, or seemed to declare, against the worship of images, but the reading was not continued to the end, and the council decided in favor of the restoration and the veneration of images. Antioch and Alexandria were both located within the civil Diocese of Oriens, Antioch being the chief metropolis, but neither administered the whole. The disagreements sprang from different ideas about the Godhead and what it meant for Jesus to be God's Son. Canon ii: Rules to be observed for ordination, the avoidance of undue haste, the deposition of those guilty of a grave fault. The sessions were held in the principal church, and in the central hall of the imperial palace. The "Zonaras proviso", the claim that Easter must always follow Nisan 14 in the Hebrew calendar, was not formulated until after some centuries. The Armenian Church celebrates the 318 Fathers of the Holy Council of Nicaea on 1 September. Several days later the emperor commanded that a final session should be held, at which he assisted in order to exhort the bishops to work for the maintenance of peace; he commended himself to their prayers, and authorized the fathers to return to their dioceses. The exact meaning of many of the words used in the debates at Nicaea were still unclear to speakers of other languages. [83] So the doctrine in a more full-fledged form was not formulated until the Council of Constantinople in 360 AD,[84] and a final form formulated in 381 AD, primarily crafted by Gregory of Nyssa.[85]. Similarly, Eusebius of Nicomedia and Theognis of Nice also agreed, except for certain statements. Constantine did not commission any Bibles at the Council itself. Canon xx: On Sundays and during the Paschal season prayers should be said standing. Those in opposition to Arius believed that to follow the Arian view destroyed the unity of the Godhead, and made the Son unequal to the Father. Although not a Christian himself at that time (he was only baptized on his deathbed in 337 AD), he allowed Christians (through the Edict of Milan in 313 AD) to practice their faith without being oppressed. Melitius retained his episcopal title, but the ecclesiastics ordained by him were to receive again the laying on of hands, the ordinations performed by Melitius being therefore regarded as invalid. Pope Silvester was represented by two Roman priests, Victor and Vincent, and also by the Bishop of Cordova, one Hosius by name. First Point: The Council of Nicea was attended and run by Roman Catholics. [35][38], "Resplendent in purple and gold, Constantine made a ceremonial entrance at the opening of the Council, probably in early June, but respectfully seated the bishops ahead of himself. Canon viii concerns the Novatians. [75] The bishops first pronounced Arius' teachings to be anathema, formulating the creed as a statement of correct doctrine. The text of this profession of faith is preserved in a letter of Eusebius to his congregation, in Athanasius, and elsewhere. [66], Christianity was illegal in the empire until the emperors Constantine and Licinius agreed in 313 to what became known as the Edict of Milan. But the accounts of Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, and Rufinus may be considered as very important sources of historical information, as well as some data preserved by St. Athanasius, and a history of the Council of Nica written in Greek in the fifth century by Gelasius of Cyzicus.

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